At the age of fourteen, Vesalius enrolled at the University of Louvain in Louvain, Brabant, later known as Leuven, Belgium, for his primary education. In , Vesalius entered the medical department at the University of Paris , in Paris, France, which later was incorporated into Paris Descartes University. While in Paris, Vesalius studied Galenic medicine, the widely accepted techniques of the time. Galen of Pergamon was a second-century Greek physician who wrote many texts on the observations he had made in his dissections of animals, primarily primates, dogs, and pigs.
For over years physicians employed Galen 's texts, which contained inaccuracies, for treatment. For example, many medieval physicians utilized bloodletting to treat numerous conditions, a practice that was based on Galen 's incorrect depiction of the cardiovascular system. In the sixteenth century medical students, including those at the University of Paris , studied Galenic texts and Galenic medicine.
According to Saunders, the University of Paris was a conservative school that did not emphasize learning anatomy through dissection. Consequently, Vesalius likely observed only three to four human dissections during his time there.
Vesalius later criticized how infrequently the university taught students anatomy through human dissection, how dissections lasted less than three days, and how the dissections did not allow for thorough investigation of intestines and muscles. Nevertheless, Vesalius assisted with dissections at the University of Paris. In during the second human anatomy demonstration he observed, his teacher request that he and his peers assist in the dissection.
The following year he conducted his third human anatomical dissection nearly single-handedly. In addition to learning anatomy through the university, Vesalius also frequented a cemetery where the bones of the dead had been removed from the corpses. According to Saunders, Vesalius studied the bones until he was able to identify them blindfolded by touch. In , war broke out between France and Spain, and Vesalius left Paris before he could graduate.
At Padua, Vesalius performed several human anatomical dissections and analyzed at least two skeletons over the course of one year. On 5 December , Vesalius graduated with a medical degree cum ultima diminution , Latin for with highest distinction.
Vesalius accepted the position. Within the first year of his professorship, Vesalius undertook his own personal dissections and employed his students as assistants. By the end of , he had assembled a collection of anatomical information on which to base his drawings of the internal human anatomy.
Vesalius made detailed, composite illustrations of human anatomical structures, including the skeletal system, blood circulation system, organ systems, muscular systems, nervous system, and reproductive system. Calcar transferred at least some of Vesalius's drawings into woodblock prints. When creating a wood block, artists carve the surface of a wooden block to remove the undesired spaces, leaving only the parts to be printed level with the surface.
Vesalius sent the woodblocks of his anatomical drawings to printer Johannes Oporinus in Basel, Switzerland, to mass reproduce the images. There was debate about where in the body the blood should be taken from. Vesalius' pamphlet was supported by his knowledge of the blood system and he showed clearly how anatomical dissection could be used to test speculation, and underlined the importance of understanding the structure of the body in medicine.
In , his supply of dissection material increased when a Paduan judge became interested in Vesalius' work, and made bodies of executed criminals available to him.
Vesalius was now able make repeated and comparative dissections of humans. This was in marked contrast to Galen, the standard authority on anatomy who, for religious reasons, had been restricted to animals, mainly apes.
Vesalius realised that Galen's and his own observations differed, and that humans do not share the same anatomy as apes. The book was based largely on human dissection, and transformed anatomy into a subject that relied on observations taken directly from human dissections. Vesalius now left anatomical research to take up medical practice. Maintaining the tradition of imperial service, he became physician to the imperial court of Emperor Charles V and in took service with Charles' son, Philip II of Spain.
A study found that there were a total of copies of the second edition of De Humani Corporis Fabrica at major universities and libraries across Europe and the United States showing the rarity and historical importance that the work has even after years of its publication [ 4 4.
Figure 3. Vesalius' power of observation allowed him to describe quite accurately the pericardial anatomy: "The heart as a whole is covered by a membranous envelope which is not attached to any point.
This wrap is much broader than the heart and has in its interior an aqueous humor The prototype of anatomopathological methodology was performed by Andreas Vesalius in , by correlating the signs and symptoms of a patient with pathological changes consistent with aortic aneurysm revealed in postmortem examination.
This kind of research allowed in in Bologna, Giovanni Morgagni to describe the possibility of diagnosis based on findings of the "Anatomy of morbid corpses", this clinicopathological project culminated in the publication of his iconic work "The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy" in which approximately dissection reviews were described to accurately identify the injury giving rise to the symptoms observed in patients while they were alive, consolidating a new way of thinking and teach medicine, the anatomoclinical correlation [ 5 5.
There has been evidence that Vesalius was preparing a third edition of his De Humani Corporis Fabrica work because they found in his works, thousands of notes and corrections of all kinds, from deletions, additions and transpositions phrases to footnotes. Particularly the first three quarters of his work contained many modifications and to this day it is not know why this third edition was never released.
Still, these changes demonstrate an admirable concern for the quality of his work and a willingness to correct even the smallest details [ 4 4. During his career as a doctor of the emperor he poorly attended teachings of anatomy, he rarely did dissections in Padua and Pisa, as he spent most of the time attending royalty in the Netherlands and later in Spain.
With no intention of returning to academic life soon he burned many of his books including the notes he had made during the years. After a while he regretted the incident and returned to his hometown - Brussels - with a fortune conquered by his services to the most important monarch of his time and it was then that his desire for dissections resurfaced.
There are few records of its activities after , but it is known that he participated in the treatment and autopsy of famous names like Ferrante Gonzaga of Mantua and Henri II of France [ 4 4. His last publication was Anatomicarum Gabrielis Falloppii Observationum Examen dated May 24, , and since he moved with his wife to Spain, which stated to be a place where he had few opportunities to perform dissection and lived there until the event of his death.
The death of Vesalius is still controversial, different sources point that he would have been the target of the Inquisition and had to exchange his penalty for a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. At the time of his departure from Madrid to his pilgrimage he clearly had a desire to return to the intellectual and scientific environment of the University of Padua according to a letter sent to his great disciple Fallopius.
In return, in , was the victim of a shipwreck and his body found by a goldsmith and later buried on the Greek island of Zakynthos where a tomb was found presenting an epitaph written the following sentence: "The genius lives forever, everything else is mortal - Andreas Vesalius of Brussels" [ 4 4. An important acknowledgment of the legacy of Vesalius in Cardiology was the tribute by the American College of Cardiology.
It's logo created in is a modified heart figure designed by Andreas Vesalius in his Tabulae anatomicae sex. As it was chosen by Franz Maximilian Groedel, he aimed that this logo would have a strong identification with the scientific knowledge, a "learning seal" [ 10 J Am Coll Cardiol. Tabulae Sex. The genius of Vesalius's work has been recognized not only by the scientific community, but by the different nations, whether in the form of stamps, notes, cultural or scientific events Figure 5.
All the works of Andreas Vesalius places him as a genius with multiple skills as an artist, naturalist, humanist and the first modern medical scientist thus included among the giants of the history of medicine. His scientific contributions and his legacy as a teacher and artist promoted a profound impact also in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery.
Abrir menu Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. Abrir menu. About the authors. Abstract The history of medicine and cardiology is marked by some geniuses who dared in thinking, research, teaching and transmitting scientific knowledge, and the Italian Andreas Vesalius one of these brilliant masters. Descriptors: Anatomy; History of Medicine; Cardiology. Publication Dates Publication in this collection Mar-Apr History Received 04 Mar Accepted 23 Mar This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Zip code: E-mail: celsovsouzajunior hotmail. Figures 5 Tables 1. Google Google Scholar.
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