First, the [ US Census] question [about race] is based on how you identify. Second, the race categories generally reflect social definitions in the U. We recognize that the race categories include racial and national origins and sociocultural groups.
In the past, race often referred to the group with which you share a similar cultural background, language, religion, or geographical origin. The Yorkshire type had always been the strongest of the British strains; the Norwegian and the Dane were a different race from the Saxon. This homograph of race starts being applied in the 16th century but as a word for a group sharing a common lineage or for descendants of a common ancestor.
This forest was adjacent to the chief haunts of the MacGregors, or a particular race of them, known by the title of MacEagh….
The homograph referring to a contest or competition had a head start. Literally, it implied the act of running but figuratively it came to refer to a person's progression through life or through a period in life.
The request for your ethnicity is to learn what group of people you identify with according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background.
In other words, it is meant to get an idea about your nationality, heritage, culture, ancestry, and upbringing. The concept of ethnicity contrasts with that of race in that it is concerned with group cultural identity or expression whereas race focuses on physical and biogenetic traits. When seen on a fillable form, ethnicity refers to a 20th-century construct that is based on the adjective ethnic , which dates much earlier and was originally used to describe Gentiles or nations not converted to Christianity similar to the adjectives heathen and pagan.
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Contact Us. But just as soon as we've outlined these definitions, we're going to dismantle the very foundations on which they're built. That's because the question of race versus ethnicity actually exposes major and persistent flaws in how we define these two traits, flaws that — especially when it comes to race — have given them an outsized social impact on human history.
The idea of "race" originated from anthropologists and philosophers in the 18th century, who used geographical location and phenotypic traits like skin color to place people into different racial groupings. That not only formed the notion that there are separate racial "types" but also fueled the idea that these differences had a biological basis. That flawed principle laid the groundwork for the belief that some races were superior to others — creating global power imbalances that benefited white Europeans over other groups, in the form of the slave trade and colonialism.
Because the driver of the triangular trade [which included slavery] was capitalism, and the accumulation of wealth," said Jayne O. The center is part of a movement across the United States whose members lead events and discussions with the public to challenge historic and present-day racism. The effects of this history prevail today — even in current definitions of race , where there's still an underlying assumption that traits like skin color or hair texture have biological, genetic underpinnings that are completely unique to different racial groups.
Yet, the scientific basis for that premise simply isn't there. But, she explained, "the amount of genetic variation within any of these groups is greater than the average difference between any two [racial] groups. Related: What are genes? In other words, if you compare the genomes of people from different parts of the world, there are no genetic variants that occur in all members of one racial group but not in another.
This conclusion has been reached in many different studies. Europeans and Asians, for instance, share almost the same set of genetic variations. As Jablonski described earlier, the racial groupings we have invented are actually genetically more similar to each other than they are different — meaning there's no way to definitively separate people into races according to their biology.
Jablonski's own work on skin color demonstrates this. In other words, it would be nonsense. It's true that we do routinely identify each other's race as "black," "white" or "Asian," based on visual cues. But crucially, those are values that humans have chosen to ascribe to each other or themselves. The problem occurs when we conflate this social habit with scientific truth — because there is nothing in individuals' genomes that could be used to separate them along such clear racial lines.
In short, variations in human appearance don't equate to genetic difference. They are not naturally occurring groups," Jablonski emphasized. This also exposes the major distinction between race and ethnicity : While race is ascribed to individuals on the basis of physical traits, ethnicity is more frequently chosen by the individual.
And, because it encompasses everything from language, to nationality, culture and religion, it can enable people to take on several identities.
Someone might choose to identify themselves as Asian American, British Somali or an Ashkenazi Jew, for instance, drawing on different aspects of their ascribed racial identity, culture, ancestry and religion.
Ethnicity has been used to oppress different groups , as occurred during the Holocaust, or within interethnic conflict of the Rwandan genocide, where ethnicity was used to justify mass killings. Yet, ethnicity can also be a boon for people who feel like they're siloed into one racial group or another, because it offers a degree of agency, Ifekwunigwe said. That said, those multiple identities can also be difficult for people to claim, such as in the case of multiraciality , which is often not officially recognized.
Related: What happened during the Holocaust? Ethnicity and race are also irrevocably intertwined — not only because someone's ascribed race can be part of their chosen ethnicity but also because of other social factors. These kinds of problems explain why there's a growing push to recognize race, like ethnicity, as a cultural and social construct — something that's a human invention , not an objective reality.
Race and ethnicity may be largely abstract concepts, but that doesn't override their very genuine, real-world influence.
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